Key Point

A Tax Strategy Group paper on climate change and environmental taxes has examined a proposal to equalise the excise duty on motor fuels. There is scope to increase the excise duty on diesel in Budget 2017 to yield €244m in a full year.

Background

Excises on tobacco, alcohol and motor fuels are often termed the ‘old reliables’, as they are likely to generate stable tax revenue despite excise increases. This note considers a proposal to equalise the excise rate on petrol and diesel.

Context

The transport sector accounts for the second highest share of Ireland’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, after agriculture. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) expects transport emissions to increase by 10-16% by 2020. Thus, Ireland is expected to miss its EU emissions reduction target for transport.
In 2008, a new system for assessing private cars for VRT and Motor Tax was introduced for new vehicles. New vehicles are now taxed based on CO2 emissions. The transport sector emitted 11.3 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent in 2014 (2.5% increase on 2013). By 2020, it is estimated to rise to between 12.5m and 13.2m tonnes. The increasing size of the car fleet, as well as projected population increases, explain this increase.
In 2015, 121,110 new private cars were licensed (31% more than 2014). Diesel cars accounted for just less than three quarters of this total (71%). Changes to the taxation of cars from 2008 onwards resulted in a dramatic shift in consumer purchases in favour of diesel cars over petrol. See figure 1.
Figure 1

(Source: Central Statistics Office *Note: 2016 figures cover January to July 2016)

The role of Excise Duty

The rate of excise on petrol is €58.7c, including 4.6c carbon charge per litre, while the excise on a litre of diesel is €47.9c, including 5.3c carbon charge. This is a differential of 23 per cent. Of the 28 Member States in the EU, the excise rate on a litre of petrol in Ireland is the 12th highest, while diesel is the 7th highest. The last increase in excise on motor fuels was applied in Budget 2012.

Petrol has an excise rate which is 26% higher than that of diesel on average across the EU 28. Ireland’s excise rate on petrol (58.7c) is seven per cent higher than the EU 28 average, while diesel is 9.7 per cent higher. If excise on diesel was to be equalised with petrol, Ireland’s excise on diesel would rank 4th highest in the EU, as opposed to 7th currently. The UK has no excise differential on petrol and diesel.

While diesel vehicles are more fuel efficient they have higher pollution ratios with regard to particular air pollutants such as Nitrous Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide and Particulate Matter, and the excise differential in favour of diesel arguably does not capture these negative externalities.

Budget 2017

The Tax Strategy Group paper examined an option to equalise excise duty on petrol and diesel by increasing the excise rate on diesel to the rate which currently applies for petrol (58.7c) incrementally by 2021. The increase in excise duty would attract VAT at 23 per cent. Equalising the excise rates over a 5 year period would yield, on average, an additional €66m per annum. The increase would be front-loaded as the highest percentage increase of 4.6% would occur in year one, and subsequently lower gradually. See table 1.

Table 1

(Source: Tax Strategy Group papers 2016)

Increased excise rates to mitigate a 10-16% increase in CO2 emissions may be one method of curtailing the damage to the atmosphere, and consequent fines on the exchequer. However, exchange rate fluctuations of the Pound Sterling need to be monitored, as relative fuel prices in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland impact significantly on fuel tourism in the border region. As of August 2016, both fuels were cheaper in the Republic; diesel (by 16 cent) and petrol (by 1 cent)¹ . The total duty on both fuels is also lower in the Republic; diesel (by 20 cent) and petrol (by 6 cent). There is scope to increase the duty (excise and VAT) on diesel by 10 cent currently and yield €244m in a full year.

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Notes:

 ¹ Revenue Cross Border Survey (August 2016) – Euro exchange rate at time of survey 0.8614 GBP

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